Human rights memorial vigil, Plaza de Bolívar, Bogotá

¡Más vivos que nunca! · Human rights memorial · Plaza de Bolívar, Bogotá

Research agenda

The research agenda

My research sits at the intersection of comparative politics, constitutional law, and the political sociology of law, and is animated by a decade of frontline practice at the core of Colombia's transitional justice process. I work with mixed methods — weaving together qualitative tools (participatory action research, archival analysis, discourse analysis, and ethnographic fieldwork) with quantitative and macro-historical comparison across cases.

01
Criminal Governance & State Accountability

How states and armed actors co-produce violence and criminal networks, and how accountability institutions can be designed to investigate and dismantle them. I develop the Systemic Research Approach (SRA), a judicial governance model that enables upward accountability against high-ranking commanders through integrated institutional design. Member of the Working Group on Criminal Politics (Northwestern · U of Chicago · UIC; Feldmann & Albarracín).

02
Constitutional Law, Civil Rights & Democracy

How courts, civil society organizations, and social movements contest the boundaries of rights and reshape democratic institutions. I pay particular attention to how Participatory Action Research transforms legal knowledge production inside constitutional and transitional justice settings, blurring the lines between academic, legal, and community-generated knowledge.

03
Drug Policy, Prohibition & Health-Rights

How legal mobilization across Latin America challenges prohibitionist regimes through constitutional and international human rights law, reframing drug use as a matter of public health and rights and opening space for harm-reduction and restorative approaches within criminal justice systems.

Works in progress

  • Under review · Presented at MPSA 2026, Chicago
    The Systemic Research Approach: How Accountability Institutions’ Design Enables Investigating State-Criminal Networks
    Carretero Pardo, J. J.
    Abstract

    Introduces the Systemic Research Approach (SRA): a model of judicial governance in which a single accountability institution develops five integrated capacities for reconstructing macro-criminal patterns rather than isolated acts. Using Colombia’s JEP as a paradigmatic case and five comparators — Guatemala’s CICIG, Cambodia’s ECCC, Sierra Leone’s SCSL, the ICC, and Argentina’s ESMA mega-cause — the article demonstrates that deliberate institutional integration produces structural documentation of state-criminal networks and an “accountability shock” that partial deployments cannot achieve.

  • Working draft, April 2026
    From Body Counts to State-Criminal Accountability: How Justice System Capacities Evolved to Prosecute Extrajudicial Killings in Colombia’s Catatumbo
    Sanguino Cuéllar, K., & Carretero Pardo, J. J. — University of Illinois Chicago
    Abstract

    Argues that deterrence and accountability are analytically separable outcomes with different institutional preconditions. In the Catatumbo case, the violent practice of extrajudicial killings ceased in 2008 through administrative and political pressure; upward accountability — reaching brigade-level commanders — required the JEP’s integrated design combining investigative independence, cross-database articulation, conditional truth-telling incentives, subnational-national reach, and contextual analysis. Ordinary justice produced zero high-ranking convictions in a decade; the JEP achieved upward accountability in approximately four years.

  • Working paper
    Beyond Judicial Truth: Civil Society Methodologies and the Transformation of Legal Knowledge in Colombia’s Transitional Justice
    Carretero Pardo, J. J.
    Abstract

    Argues that human-rights organizations using Participatory Action Research (PAR) fundamentally transformed knowledge production within the JEP and the Truth Commission, subverting traditional boundaries between legal, academic, and social knowledge. Analysis of JEP’s Case 03 on extrajudicial executions shows how PAR methodologies were integrated directly into judicial resolutions and indictments, enabling victims to co-construct legal and historical truth and embedding Global South peacebuilding innovation into state-centric transitional justice.

Peer-reviewed articles

  • 2021 · IdeAs — Idées d'Amériques, 17
    Carretero Pardo, José Jans, Ochoa Sterling, Natalia
    Abstract

    Peer-reviewed analysis of the institutional and political disputes surrounding the protection of human rights defenders and social leaders in post-accord Colombia. Available in English and French. Situates Colombia's protection regime within broader debates on rights mobilization, state accountability, and the implementation of the 2016 Final Peace Agreement.

    human rights defendersColombiapeacebuildingrights mobilization

Book chapters

  • 2018 · Discussions on the implementation of the Final Peace Agreement
    From the Havana talks to the Colombian Congress: Where were the victims' rights in the legislative implementation of the Final Peace Agreement?
    Carretero Pardo, José Jans, Rodríguez, Nelson
    Abstract

    Book chapter tracing how victims' rights were re-framed and contested during the legislative implementation of the 2016 Final Peace Agreement. Analyzes the gap between the victim-centered design agreed in Havana and the statutes later enacted by the Colombian Congress.

    transitional justiceColombiapeace agreementvictims' rights

Policy & human rights reports

  • 2020 · International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective (CAJAR)
    transitional justiceInternational Criminal CourtColombiaJEPstate accountability
  • 2020 · Comité de Solidaridad con los Presos Políticos (CSPP), José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective (CAJAR), Carretero Pardo, José Jans
    Dismantling Paramilitarism: A proposal for public policy guidelines
    paramilitarismColombiapeace agreementpublic policy
  • 2019 · José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective (CAJAR), Carretero Pardo, José Jans
    Web of Impunity: Voices of resilience against state and paramilitary violence in Magdalena Medio (1998–2000)
    human rightsMagdalena MedioColombiaparamilitarismstate violence
  • 2019 · José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective (CAJAR), Carretero Pardo, José Jans
    The true story of the Wiwa people — From the heart of the world — in the context of the internal armed conflict (1990–2017)
    Indigenous rightsWiwaColombiaarmed conflictethnographic research

Research datasets

Empirical datasets compiled during a decade of strategic litigation and human-rights practice. Structured and documented for reuse in sociolegal research.

  • Dataset
    Citizen Interventions before the Colombian Constitutional Court (2016–2020)
    Coded corpus of 30+ citizen interventions — court, ruling, topic, outcome, advocacy organization.
    Documentation in preparation. Available upon request.
  • Dataset
    Press Coverage of the Final Peace Agreement Implementation (2016–2019)
    Scraped and hand-coded corpus of Colombian press coverage on peace-agreement implementation.
    Documentation in preparation. Available upon request.

Request dataset access →

Amicus curiae briefs & constitutional court interventions

The 30+ amicus curiae briefs and constitutional interventions I submitted between 2017 and 2023 are documented separately on the Advocacy & Consulting page, where each entry links to the published Constitutional Court ruling where available.

View full interventions table →

Research experience

  • June–Aug. 2025
    Research Consultant
    Prof. Yanilda González · Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University

    Specialized research on legal mechanisms for the investigation and sanctioning of aggressions and homicides committed by Colombia's fuerza pública. Mapped victims' and social-movement strategies for rights enforcement through legal and social channels. Consulting undertaken as part of Prof. González's forthcoming academic book on police accountability and state violence in Latin America.

  • Aug–Oct 2017
    Research Fellow · Drug Policy and Transitional Justice
    CIDE — Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico

    Open Society Foundation Fellowship. Contributed to the Drug Policy Program's comparative study of transitional justice in Mexico and Colombia. Supervisor: Javier Treviño Rangel, Ph.D.

  • 2016–2017
    Research Assistant · Office of the Academic Vice President
    Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá

    Supported research coordination for a portfolio of peace-oriented studies responding to post-conflict educational needs in Colombia. Supervisor: Silvia Restrepo Restrepo, Ph.D.

  • 2013–2014
    Research Assistant · Socio-Legal Research Center (CIJUS)
    School of Law, Universidad de los Andes

    Contributed to The Enforcement of Tutela Rulings in Colombia (2012–2014), a joint project with Emory University and the World Bank — coded the complexity and clarity of court orders. Supervisor: Isabel Cristina Jaramillo, Ph.D.